Coryphodon - Facts and Figures

Name: Coryphodon (Greek for peaked tooth); pronounced core-IFF-oh-don Habitat: Swamps of the northern hemisphere Historical Epoch: Early Eocene (55-50 million years ago) Size and Weight: Up to seven feet long and half a ton, depending on species Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Squat body; quadrupedal posture; semiaquatic lifestyle; exceptionally small brain About Coryphodon A mere 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct, the first giant mammals, the pantodonts, appeared on the planet--and among the biggest pantodonts was Coryphodon, the largest species of which only measured about seven feet long from head to tail and weighed half a ton, but still counted as the largest land animals of their day. (Its important to remember that mammals didnt suddenly spring into existence after the K/T Extinction; they existed alongside bigger dinosaurs for most of the Mesozoic Era, but in small, shrew-like form, cowering in the tops of trees or burrowing underground for shelter.) Coryphodon wasnt the first identified pantodont of North America, however; that honor belongs to the slightly smaller Barylambda. Coryphodon and its fellow pantodonts seem to have lived like modern hippopotami, spending a large part of their day in weed-choked swamps and uprooting plants with their powerful necks and heads. Possibly because efficient predators were in short supply during the early Eocene epoch, Coryphodon was a relatively slow, lumbering beast, equipped with an unusually small brain (only a handful of ounces compared to its 1,000-pound bulk) that beckons comparison with those of its sauropod and stegosaur predecessors. Still, this megafauna mammal managed to populate most of North America and Eurasia during its five million years on earth, making it a true success story of the early Cenozoic Era. Because it was so widespread, and left so many fossil specimens, Coryphodon is known by a bewildering array of species and outmoded genus names. Within the last century, it has been synonymized with the would-be pantodonts Bathmodon, Ectacodon, Manteodon, Letalophodon, Loxolophodon and Metalophodon, and various species were described by the famous 19th-century American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel C. Marsh. Even after decades of pruning, there are over a dozen named Coryphodon species; there used to be as many as fifty!

Essay on The Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion...

The Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry In an age where fashion and technology is constantly evolving it is important that we take a step back and take a look at the current happenings in the promotional side of the fashion industry. The fashion show,a key tool to making designers collections accessible to its consumer, will be the main focus of this essay. We shall define fashion promotion before looking at how the catwalk sits under this title. A brief history of the fashion show shall lead us into the present day, where we shall begin the debate of whether some fashion shows need be as extravagant and expensive as they are. We will look at well known designers that have showcased their collections in an artistic†¦show more content†¦These creators or designers are keen to promote their own wares (Breward, 2003). Therefore, designers hold fashion shows as media events to attract attention (Oelhers,2004). These shows can be seen at certain events such as London fashion week, which is organized to promote this  £13 billion industry (Alexander,2005). The catwalk can be traced back to the turn of the twentieth century. Although fashion shows are hard to identify,documentation exists from 1885,that show four women modeling clothes. However the actual promotion of the clothing from such events did not happen until designers recognized that photographers could in fact benefit their work. Photographers are highly marketable and allowing photographers into shows as well as more people would increase the marketability of the products being displayed(2006). Here it is important to be aware of how designers attitudes changed from just producing a garment to thinking about the marketability of it, which in turn lead to the consumption of it. As you can see the main purpose of the show has always been either to connect the viewer with the retail store or to gain publicity for a designers collection (Oelhers 2004).It is a fast way to reach the consumer,explain what the brand is about and to achieve recognition within the industry. Designers want to ensure that when you see an image from their show, you can immediately identify theirShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry1761 Words   |  8 PagesThe Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry I am going to write about what the role of fashion promotion is within the fashion industry and discuss how it might develop in the next five years. To do this I shall review what fashion promotion is by defining it and finding out how, when and where it started. 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Wife of Bath free essay sample

Examines character, her prologue tale in Chaucers Canterbury Tales] as example of women as complex struggling with independence, social conformity, marriage, sex, guilt and morality. Geoffrey Chaucer presents a broad portrait of life in his Canterbury Tales both in the depiction of the pilgrims themselves and in the characters in the stories the pilgrims tell one another to pass the time. The women in these tales are neither better nor worse than they should be, and they are much more realistically portrayed than the idealized women of many other writers of the era. The Wife of Bath can be seen as a character exhibiting primordial behavior, or behavior that is both original and primitive for her time. The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale are connected in the way the themes of the story illuminate the character of the Wife of Bath, just as her character sheds light on the broader meaning of the story she tells. We will write a custom essay sample on Wife of Bath or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page THE WIFE OF BATH

Welcome Essays - Cross-platform Software, Linux, Microsoft Windows

Welcome Software Developer Why? Evaluate Operating Systems (OS) that could be beneficial Overview What is an Operating System? Types of Operating Systems History of the two OS Overview cont... Opinion on subject matter: Reliability, Performance, Applications, Support, Security, Installation and Setup, along with the cost of the two systems. Recommendation of Operating Systems Presented Summary of all Major Points Operating System (OS) What is it? Primary Purpose To support applications (programs) Types of Operating Systems Variety of Operating Systems Refer to hand out for others Linux and Windows A little History about Linux and Windows Linux History Linus Torvalds Implemented from Unix Released Versions 1991 .02 1994 1.0 1999 2.2 ... development still continues Windows History Bill Gates Founded Microsoft Corporation Released Versions Windows 3.1, 95, 98 Windows NT, Windows 2000 ... development still continues Reliability Linux Rock Solid Months - Years without crashing Windows Infamous Blue Screen of Death Day to Day crashes Winner: Linux Performance Customers Performance cont... Let's check out the handout Winner: Windows Applications Linux Recent Corel version of WordPerfect No other Office Applications Windows No plan to create Office for Linux Stuck with windows Winner: Windows Support Linux Limited support but Increasing Linux Care Up coming Support Microsoft Huge Staff but Contacting is up in the Air Possible charge fees Winner: Windows Security Both Systems Both Systems have loop holes (ways to get around security issues) Both have been tested and verified for years Security Advantages... Linux: Reinstall without replacing security information Built in fire wall Definition of firewall (On Handout) Windows: Tighter security available for a cost Large number of accessing permission Security Disadvantages... Linux: Not as strict No auditing Windows: No fire wall built into the system Current information is lost if reinstalled Winner: Windows Installation and Setup Linux Very complex for the common user Red Hat and Caldera Microsoft Easy with each version Winner: Windows Cost Let' s take a look at the handout to help us out seeing the differences in cost. Winner: Linux Implementation Implement Windows 2000 Memo Summary Which OS out performs the other in several categories Given my opinion on OS Questions

Two pictures Essay Example For Students

Two pictures Essay The theme park has five zones and each of these zones has its own slide, they are all in the same desing, but have different information. Below is the slide design, I have only done one but the others will follow the same design. There is a main title then information about the zone then a map of the actual zone and a map of where the zone is in the park. All the zone slides will also have transition effects, the ttile will appear then one second the later the writing will. The writing will appear with one word coming out at a time so the user has time to read it all through. We will write a custom essay on Two pictures specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This also makes the presentation look better. Then when all the writing has appeared the two pictures will also appear at the same time. The border, logo and menu button will all appear when the screen is brought up. Slide 8- Directions This slide is linked from the main menu and is on its own. It states directions to the the park. It includes text and pictures. The final slide design is shown below: As in all slides the logo, border and main menu button will appear immediatley, then the title will appear, one second later the text will appear once again coming out word by word so that people have time to read it. The two maps will then appear at the sam time arriving from the right hand side of the screen. Slide 9- Park Hours This slide displays the hours that the park are open, I have been provided the information that can be put in and the final desing for this slide is displayed below: This slide will have the title appearing like all the other, one second later all the rest of the information will appear in the orange box, the box will come into the screnn from the left, this is to add an attractive effect to the slide. As always the logo, main menu butoon and white border will appear automatically. Slide 10- Prices This slide will also be linked from the main menu and will display the prices of the theme park. I have got most of the information goven to me including a prices table which I have scanned in. The final desing for this slide is shown below: This slides transition effects will be like most of the other slides, the title will appear first then the introductory text will appear word by word, then when all of this is dispalyed the two other text boxes will appear, one from the right and the other from the left. One secoind after these have benn up the imported image will appear. Slide 11- More Help? This slode will be a slide containing text about whereb to go if the user needs to find out something that is not in the presentation. The text will be written by myself and will be in a large white box in the middle of the slide. The final design of the slide is shown below: The transition effects on the final slide will be similoar to the others. The logo, border and main menu button will appear automatically. Then the title will appear and after one second the text box will appear. The text will then be spelt out word by word, this is so that peopl read all the information. If it is all displayed at once they may miss parts out because they are just looking for the information they want. This stops this occurance happening. Project Schedule When implemting this project I have many tasks to complete, to make sure I do this I will create a lost of all the tasks I need to do. I can tick off when I have stasks, this will make sure that I have done everything. Task One: Make background and border and apply it to all slides. .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 , .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .postImageUrl , .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 , .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835:hover , .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835:visited , .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835:active { border:0!important; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835:active , .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835 .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucdd59fd63fb4a65a3992b68207104835:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Purpose Of Life EssayI will do this by making the background thejn clicking on apply to all slides. Task Two: Place logo on every slide copy and paste this into bottom corner of every slide. Task 3: Create all titles on the slide, using what I have said on the final designs. Task 4: Create all word boxes and add text to these, do this on all slides where it applies. Task 5: Add images taken off the internet, manipulate these in paint before finally applying them. Task 6: Scan in price list, manipulate in paint shop pro then place into slide where necessary. Task 7: Add buttons using hyperlinks, put buttons in where explained in final design. Task 8: Add transitions to slides, as explained in designs. Task9: Change time settings so they are ste at what is required. Task 10: Implement test plan and check that everything works as it should, note down any errors. Test Plan Task 10 is implemeting a test plan, I need to create a test plan that I can use in the implemets section. A test plan is a selection of tests that I will carry out to check that everything in my system works. The test plan I have devised is shown below: Test Purpose of test Test Method Expected Result 1 To check the slideshow starts Press F5 Slide show starts up with title screen. 2 To check that the title screen is correct Open up slide show by pressing F5 Title screen should open text and pictures should appear as in designs. Continue button should appera 3 To check slide changes Click on continue button Show moves onto main menu. 4 To check the main menu is correct. Look at slide to check everyhting is as expected. All text and pictures ome up whne they are meant to according to desings. 5 Check all zones buttons work Click on all zones All zones slide load automatically after clicking on desired button. 6 Check zones slides are correct. Look at all zones slide All infomration should come up at the correct time, with text then pictures. 7 To check main menu button works Click on the main menu button on every slide. The show should go back to the main menu slide. 8 Check all other slides open. Click on them on main menu Other screens should load as desired. 9 Check other slides are correct Run slides and check all things appear from the riight places at the right times All things run as expected and as described in final desings.

Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Essay Example Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Paper Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet Paper and a series of fast moving images taken from the film are flashed before your eyes, fusing these images and dramatic music prepares you for and exiting yet traumatic film. You can tell from the onset which family is which just from the clothes that the boys of the separate families wear. The films costume designer had a tough job on her hands trying to differentiate the families as they were both alike in dignity. The Montagues, the family of Romeo played by the gorgeous Leonardo DiCaprio wear distinctively coloured Hawaiian shirts, have skin heads and show off their tattoos .The Capulets, the family of Juliet played by the beautiful Claire Danes on the other hand have an entirely different dress code they are far more decorative with expensive clothing and are accessorised with designer labels, belts and boots. The opening scene is one of great talent and skill in every way from the actors to the director, right down to the skill and precision of the special effects. With gunshots, fire and fast cars, combined with cheesy spaghetti western music and Jacki Chan Kung foo sounds this scene is one of the most exiting, exhilarating and humorous in the entire film.

Motivation of Employees in the Real Estate Industry Research Paper

Motivation of Employees in the Real Estate Industry - Research Paper Example Alderfer’s ERG theory eradicates the limitations imposed by the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory to some extent. Unlike Maslow, Alderfer has identified three types of needs. E stands for existence, R stands for relatedness, while G stands for growth. There are quite a lot of similarities along with some differences between the Alderfer’s ERG theory and the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Although the number of needs differs between the Alderfer’s ERG theory and the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, yet there is a correspondence between them. The existence needs in the Alderfer’s ERG theory correspond to the physiological and safety needs of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. The relatedness needs correspond to the love and belongingness, and self-esteem needs whereas the growth needs represent the need for self-actualization. In this sense, Alderfer has confined Maslow’s needs to the ERG needs. Like the Maslo w’s hierarchy of needs theory, the Alderfer’s ERG theory is also hierarchical; the most important is the existence need, followed by the related needs and finally the growth needs. There are three fundamental ways in which the two theories differ (NetMBA, 2010). Firstly, Maslow’s theory suggests that different needs’ levels cannot be satisfied simultaneously whereas Alderfer’s ERG theory suggests that they can. Secondly, Maslow has standardized the hierarchical order of the needs for all people whereas Alderfer asserts that the order of needs can vary from one case to another.

Music as Spiritual Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music as Spiritual Practice - Essay Example Many just like the song because the beat is catchy.One sad but true fact is that one in 20 U.S. adults can't read English. This also means that they may not even read a psalm. That's where the elements of music comes in. The Scripture goes "sing a joyful song unto the Lord."[Holy Bible] A disadvantage of aural music is that it excludes the deaf. Technological advancements are making music accessible and discernable to the deaf. He who has ears, let him hear. [Holy Bible, Rev 2]When should you, as a musician choose accompaniment Is a capella the best way to go Does singing a song acapella enhance the artistic value of it These are all fair questions that need to be answered. If we look at the Old Testament Psalms, for example, there really is no clear answer. There is a history involving the use of musical instruments in Jewish and Christian Services. There are bible verses that pertain to the idea of singing a joyful song unto the Lord.[Psalm 100] This lets us know that this is accep table worship. However, the use of musical instruments in church services still remains controversial. It is amazing how Salamone Rossi essentially started out as a wedding singer for the banquets of the duchess Isabella in the 16th century. Rossi's acclaim was during the Italian Renaissance. The era was a time of creative celebration. This was during a time where Jews were tolerated rather than enjoyed. They were, according to the Historical notes on the music, ostracized, at times. Rossi, however through his music gained some acceptance. The Psalms still have incomparable teaching power. Listening to the sounds of the day and how they make you feel is in itself a tool with which to speak to God. But what happens when you face some sort of disability. That is where the Psalms', (which is indeed a form of music) teaching power is turned into healing power. The Psalms teach us to see beyond aesthetic beauty. It teaches us to listen with our souls, with our minds, with our hearts and with our imaginations. After 32 years listening to music one thing holds true: Aesthetic listening is no listening at all. And what is meant by that is this. It is that one must listen "relatively". That is, to say, be the writer or be the author. Relate the song to something in your life. The lyrics of one song may say "His love endures forever."[Psalms] God calls us to seek out this passage in life. To find the aesthetic beauty that accompanies the active listening which is aimed at getting all the senses involved. One natural way to engage in listening is to remember the setting. Where were you when you first heard that song What were you doing This is how you begin. How you become the music. For deaf children who have little life experience it is important to remember that their environment and upbringing will serve as catalysts to experiencing the music. These basic questions build a foundation for developing taste as well. We have many evidences of the rhythm of life. This may be why women have biological clocks. This rhythm suggests to us to find meaning and connection with the Psalms. Look for a song in the meadow and in the hustle and bustle of

Economic Impact of the national adoption of Electric and hybrid cars Essay Example for Free

Economic Impact of the national adoption of Electric and hybrid cars Essay The Unites States consumes 25 % of the oil produced in the world and roughly 70% of this is consumed by the demand for transportation. The demand for crude oil in US is primarily driven by the demand for transport fuels with the price elasticity ranging between -0. 12 and -0. 3, as calculated for short-run and long-run elasticity respectively for 2008. Faced with higher fuel prices and the associated environmental hazards, the consumers and the government’s focus is shifting towards development and adoption of technology for hybrid cars. The use of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) would reduce the green house gas (GHG) emissions and improve the economics of electrical industry by reducing the US dependency on foreign oil (Scot, Kintner-Meyer, Elliott, Warwick, 2007). The hybrid electric cars are cost effective compared to the conventional vehicles when run on gasoline and are absolutely emission-free in electric-only mode, when their batteries are recharged just by regenerative braking (afdc. energy. gov. ). The potential customer base which is identified as ‘early majority group’, are motivated to buy electric cars by a desire to reduce oil imports and help protect the environment (LaMonica, 2010). A comprehensive environmental assessment of the key air quality parameters, conducted by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI, 2007), considering the adoption of hybrid electric vehicles outlines the following societal benefits of electrifying transportation include the following: †¢ Reduction in petroleum consumption, leading to reduced dependence on imported oil †¢ Net reduction in GHG emissions †¢ Potential to improve air quality Investing in electric vehicles has been a central tenet of the US. The government plans to invest $2. 4 billion to spur the production of 50,000 batteries a year for plug-in hybrids by 2011. This initiative will not only reduce the US oil imports, it will also reduce the pollution while boosting the economy by generating thousands of jobs for the Americans (AP, 2010). The adoption of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by a larger customer base will be a boon for the environment as well as the economy of the nation. With higher demand for the hybrid vehicles in future, it is expected that the cost of production of such vehicles will also come down due to economies of scale. This would further make the hybrid vehicles popular and thus expand the benefits. .? References AP. (2010, July 15). Obama to Promote Electric Vehicles in Michigan. Cnbc. com. Retrieved from http://www. cnbc. com/id/38259732 Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles. (July 2007). Electric Power Research Institute. Retrieved from http://mydocs. epri. com/docs/public/000000000001015325. pdf Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Alternative and Advanced Vehicles. US Department of Energy. Retrieved from http://www. afdc. energy. gov/afdc/vehicles/hybrid_electric_benefits. html Scott, M. J. ,Kintner-Meyer, M. , Elliott, D. B. , Warwick, W. M. (November, 2007). Impacts Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid vehicles on electric utilities and regional U. S power grids: Part2: Economic Assessment. Retrieved from http://energytech. pnl. gov/publications/pdf/PHEV_Economic_Analysis_Part2_Final. pdf

Henry Moore at the Tate Britain | Summary

Henry Moore at the Tate Britain | Summary Tate Britain is one of the main galleries within London along with Tate modern, which is showing the works of the late Henry Moore (1898-1986), one of the worlds most famous pre-eminent sculptors of the 20th century along with Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966) who is best known by his broad beamed, monumental reclining females. By the first half of the twentieth century there were also Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Jacob Epstein, and Barbara Hepworth. Which Moore met in 1921 as a fellow student? The Guardian The most important exhibition of Moores work for a generation As you approach the Tate Britain you are confronted with large Henry Moore banners hanging from four white poles on the Manton entrance gallery forecourt, just before you walk down the ramp and steps to the entrance. This makes it easy access for those who are disabled or have wheel chairs. Once inside the entrance youre confronted with a large open visitors and information area, to the right is the gallery shop and to the left is the gallery to the Henry Moore exhibition. This is clearly marked with posters and large wall boards behind the counters, where the tickets are bought. The ticket comes with a map of the whole gallery floor plans, which shows all the rooms throughout the Tate Britain. The whole gallery holds a wide variety of works from famous artists within the 15th to 21st century covering all aspects of British art, history and society. For the Moore exhibition viewers they are also given a fold out leaflet on Henry Moores work within the exhibition giving you a breakdow n of the movements and themes around the time of his works pieces. Viewers are now ready to see the work of the man they read in history books, on websites and within universities to colleges. When entering the first room viewers are greeted with a semi dark atmosphere with a reddish burgundy wall blended with cream walls. These colours make the room feel warm with relaxing surroundings for the sculptures that are positioned on their white plinths. Several pieces were also displayed in clear cases. There where images on the walls and four stone figure masks, also large reclining figures and images of people lying or sleeping in dark scary tunnels in war time. With each displaying piece there was an information plaque. Each piece had a number of individual spot lights pointing to them from the ceilings, which set the pieces off well giving each peace its own individuality. The Daily Telegraph We see a different Moore from the one most of us know In 1901 Moore studied one of the old masters from the 15th to 18th century. The great Michelangelo, this is when Moore first became interested in sculpture. By this time of his life Moore was constantly visiting the British museum. Here he encountered that pre-modern art. Also at this time of his life he came across the author, roger frys, book of vision and design. Like fry Moore soon believed that primitive art did convey a possessed intense vitality. When the first publication was printed in December of 1920, which Moore soon read? Here is when Moore first started becoming interested in the primitive art form and the processes. In 1922 Moore begin his first carvings in wood and stones.he particuly love english stones. Around this time moore carved his his first mother and child piece. You can clearly recognize the primitive side to Moores first sculpture pieces within the first gallery rooms. These works fall under the time when modernism was really being challenged. Even Moore hi mself began to challenge the modernism style. You can clearly see this within Moores later years. Each sculpture is positioned so the viewers can study the whole piece from every angel. while walking around them. So with each individual piece u can see how the light reflects off the shapes. which Moore clearly intended to show when positioned out side. This is what makes it easier to understand each piece individually with in the gallery space. When the viewer first walks in to the gallery there is a write up printed on each and every room entrance. You will also notice there are sculptures relating to the mother and child in each room too. The first rooms fall under the time of modernism the next room is the mother and child room then you move on to moores post war peices. Along with Up to here Within this essay I have been looking at the Henry Moore Exhibition at the Tate Britain in London. As explained in the introduction to the exhibition, this focuses on Moores career from the 1920s to the 1960s. This solo exhibition has been widely publicized and praised as these newspapers and quotes show. The Guardian The most important exhibition of Moores work for a generation All the grand claims about archetypes, about humanity essentialised in beautiful organic forms: all are justified by the drawings of sleepers, and the rarely shown images of miners at the coal-face. Moore finds form, in all respects it seems, in draughtsman ship rather than sculpture. Comfortable, passive, smooth, polite: the subject can be as dramatic as a mortally wounded man, as monstrous as a lopped and bloated corpse, and still the sculptures lack singularity and power. What strikes most is their family resemblance, their Mooreishness, their steady continuation down the long decades of his career. It is almost half a century since Herbert Read described them as forms that are vital to the life of mankind, as if we could scarcely survive without them. The world has changed, but the art has not. I cannot believe we were looking at the same sculptures The guardian Talks about how moors works are viewed in the twenty-first century. I think there being a little bit harsh and over critical with his creations and ideas for his sculptures and his works on paper. These where created in the nineteenth century and the views on the works are not the same. The work should be viewed on the ideas of Moore craftsmanship with stone and the desire to the figurative form with the illusion of light and dark and the working with shadows to express the forms. When positioned in the outside environment which plays a big part to observing his pieces with in a natural world. So how can you really see the full potential of moors work when placed within the Tate Britain gallery halls? The Daily Telegraph We see a different Moore from the one most of us know Moore was unlucky in that the years after his death in 1986 were a period of tremendous innovation in British sculpture. As the careers of Tony Cragg, Richard Deacon, and Anish Kapoor hit their stride, it was hard to look at Moores work with a sense of discovery and excitement. Almost a quarter of a century on, we are far enough away to see it in perspective. It no longer looks passà ©, but eternal How was Moore so unlucky after his death? He has succeeded in many ways his work shows how his life was and the forms of his figure sculptures tell a story of desire and passion. he had while working in various stones, even his paper and ink drawings shows a time of desperations in the world of war. People sleeping in the tunnels to survive another day scared wondering if there was going to be a tomorrow. His figure drawing drawn with various mediums from ink and chalk and different washes looking mainly at the form consisted with natural light. Moore was not unlucky as the papers says his work is on show even to this day celebrating his career and life with in the Tate Britain walls yes his figures may be similar to one another in a dimensional way but his craftsmanship and his relation to explore the use of stone is what is important here and the timeline when sculpture artists where still really discovering them selfs in the world of art. As during the time of the 1930s the directions of Nicholson and Hepworths work looked so similar. Even in painting and sculpture they were developing there own vocabulary of pure, simplified forms, along with sculpturer Henry Moore and other artists such as? the leading European practitioners of the new abstract art Naum Gabo, Piet Mondrian, Constantin Brancusi and Jean Arp. For these artists abstraction and the concern with pure forms had a democratic, utopian social aspect and a universal character that could transcend national differences. This vision stood in stark contrast to the rise of fascism, with its emphasis on racial identity and literal, propagandistic art. The Metro Theres Moore to him than you think The big interview: Henry Moore For some, seeing a Henry Moore sculpture indoors is like watching a wild animal in captivity. We are accustomed to viewing his work on display in provincial towns, surrounded by acres of green space, so the prospect of finding more than 150 pieces cooped up under artificial light seems unnatural. However, for this first major London retrospective of the sculptors work since his death in 1986, a darker interior setting should prove entirely fitting? Tate Britain aims to show that, far from being the cosy father figure of 20th-century sculpture, Moore was in fact a more responsive and innovative artist than many give him credit for. Moore is familiar and still so popular yet theres a sense that his critical reputation isnt what it might be, partly because of that familiarity. Says curator Chris Stephens. The language used in the publicity was aimed at a wide range of public audience to attract the general public. There were large flags outside the gallery entrance and posters on the walls within the reception area to publicize the exhibition. The culture show dedicated an hour show programme to the artist, which also included a discussion from the exhibition curator, Chris Stevens. As the publicity includes news clips, national papers and large scale publicity at the gallery these all combine to show the importance of this solo exhibition.

Toyota Motoring Manufacturing

1) How does the andon procedure work and what are its fundamental aspects? How much does it cost to stop the line? What are the benefits of stopping the line? The andon procedure is adopted by Toyota Motor Manufacturing to ensure quality of their products. It involves the pulling of the andon cord whenever production at a work station is unable to be completed within the cycle time, or whenever any problem is faced. Pulling the andon cord will alert the team leader to the station. If the problem can be corrected immediately, assembly is resumed by pulling the andon cord again. However, if the team leader is unable to solve the problem, the line is stopped. With this process, Toyota is able to manufacture quality products and prevent defective products from being transferred on to the next station. This is in line with Toyota’s principle of jidoka where problems are instantly detected and production is stopped whenever a problem is detected. However, stopping the line will reduce the flow time of the car assembly and flow rate of the production. As more time is required to produce the cars, worker overtime costs will be incurred. According to the case, line stoppages caused a shortfall of 45 cars per shift. These cars could have been sold in the market instead. Thus, line stoppages caused lost revenue (opportunity cost) for these 45 cars. In analyzing the costs for stopping the line, we assume that hourly wage per team leader is set at a 6. 5% premium. We assume 769 team members are spread equally between the two shifts. We assume that each worker causes an average of 1 line stop per shift. The number of shortfalls in a shift is based on that in April 1992 i. e. 45 cars. The breakdown of costs incurred to stop the line is as follows: Hourly Wage per Team MemberHourly Wage per Team Leader (6. 5% premium)Overwage rate per Team MemberOvertime Wage Rate per Team Leader 1718. 10525. 527. 1575 Number of Shortfalls per Shift45 Number of Shifts2 Total Team Members769 No. of Team Members per Shift (769/2)384 Number of Team Leaders per Shift102 Number of Stops per Worker per Shift1 Number of Stops per Shift384 Overtime per Car (57s/3600)hrs0. 0158333 Total Overtime Cost per Shift ($)8950. 4713 Overtime Cost per Stop ($)23. 308519 Lost Revenue per Stop (0. 17 x 18,500 x 45)/384368. 5469 Tota Cost Incurred per Stop ($)391. 86 Benefits of stopping the line is to reduce wastage as defects are detected early and problems can be solved earlier before the defect is passed on to the next station. 2) What are the underlying causes of the problems facing Doug Friesen? The main problem faced is a decrease in run ratio, which measured the numbers of cars actually assemble d in proportion to the number of cars that could have been assembled with no line stoppages, from 95% to 85%. This drop also led to a shortfall of 45 cars per shift, which had to be made up with overtime. The underlying causes are as follow: †¢The combination of seats, which resulted from by the variety of Toyota Camry, has increased the probability of defects or human error. †¢Problems are not solved at the point where the defect is detected and the defective cars remained in the assembly line until they are moved to the Code 1 clinic area for further inspection and quality control. Solving problems at the end of the assembly line could be more difficult or require more time than at the spot where the problem was first detected. This is because the car at the end of the assembly line has already been completely assembled thus, making amendments to specific components could be more challenging. †¢There is a long waiting time for the delivery of replacement seats from KFS to TMM. This led to an increase in inventory in the overflow parking area where the cars waited for KFS’ special delivery. 3) How, if at all, does the current routine for handling defective seats deviate from the principles of the Toyota Production System (TPS)? The current routine deviates from the TPS principles of Jidoka and Just-in-Time (JIT) production. JIT Principle TPSCurrent Routine (deviation) Produces only what was needed, how much was needed, and only when it was needed. Any deviation from true production needs was condemned as waste. Defective cars remain in inventory and some have to wait for replacement seats to be delivered. Cars are not produced at maximum capacity. Thus, consumer demand is not met on time. Jidoka Principle TPSCurrent Routine (deviation) Make any production problems instantly self-evident and stop producing whenever the problem was detected. Insisted on building in quality in the production process and condemned any deviation from value-addition as waste. Does not follow the jidoka principle – instead of stopping production and waiting for the new seat to arrive then fixing the seat before production restarts, Toyota continues with production and only fixes the seats after production ends 4) As Doug Friesen, what would you do to address the seat problem? Where would you focus your attention and solution efforts? What options exist? What would you recommend? Why? There are several solutions to address the seat problem in the manufacturing process. These solutions are non-exclusive and could be implemented together. Solution 1: Decrease the error caused by variability in car seat styles. This can be done by investing in training staff so that they will be proficient in handling the variety of seat styles for respective cars and reduce the defect rate caused by human error. Another way is to assemble the cars in batches based on its respective seat styles as this method of production decreases the chance of human error as well since production will be more uniform. However, batching violates Toyota’s ‘Heijunka’ principle. Solution 2: Toyota could also consider the option of repairing the damaged seat immediately rather than allowing it to through the entire process first and congregating at the end of the line; in other words, to put the practice of jidoka into play. All staff involved in the production line will then have to be more critical in ensuring the best quality of the seats, and stop the production line once a defect is realized. However, repair staff would need to be well equipped to handle the situation. Furthermore, this solution requires the production line to stop, thus incurring costs. Solution 3: Switch to another seat supplier or source for additional suppliers to ease the current load on KFS since the current supplier delivers poor quality of seats which causes the problem in the manufacturing process. However, having more than 1 supplier may result in differences across the finished goods as it is difficult for two suppliers to provide identical seats. Solution 4: Stock safety inventory to use it as a buffer for the defective seats so as to decrease the wait time required to deliver replacement seats. However, having excess seat inventory will incur inventory cost. It is also against the JIT principal which hallmarks Toyota. Solution 5: Seats can be redesign such as changing plastic hooks back to metal to reduce the probability of one of the problems for defective seats, which is a broken hook. The focus of the solution should be aimed at improving the internal process problem which is decreasing the human error caused by variability of car seat style and also improving external process problem which is the quality of the car seats supplier. As show in Exhibit 8, the main cause of defective seats comes from the poor quality of seats delivered by the supplier. Therefore it is vital that we would firstly have to improve the delivered seats and Toyota can do so by bringing up this issue to the management at KFS. Toyota must demand for better quality products and if the problem continues due to poor quality of seats, Toyota should then source for additional suppliers to cover up for the lack of quality sets supplied by KFS. Once the external problem has been handled, Toyota must look at ways to improve the capabilities of its production line staff. By training them to handle the various seat styles for respective cars, it increases the skill level of the workers and hence decreases the probability of making an error. However, Toyota will incur training cost but these costs will reflect savings in the long run if its staff would make less errors hence improving the run ratio of the production line.

Crime Scene Investigations by First Responders Essay

Crime scenes contain the forensic evidence required to apprehend criminals. The proper collection and processing of physical evidence is of primary importance to most police investigations. Evidence can not only establish the fact of the offense and identify the perpetrator; it may even lead to a conviction. In collecting this evidence we must be conscious of the public’s Fourth Amendment rights and not violate them in this collection of evidence. Unfortunately, poorly conducted crime scene investigations can sometimes either destroy evidence or render it useless. Law Enforcement should approach the crime scene investigation as if it will be their only opportunity to preserve and recover these physical clues. They should consider other case information or statements from witnesses or suspects carefully in their objective assessment of the scene. Investigations may change course a number of times during such an inquiry and physical clues, initially thought irrelevant, may becom e crucial to a successful resolution of the case. The primary responsibilities of the first responders to a crime include the following: (1) to preserve life. If there is any chance that the victim(s) are still alive it is the first responders’ reasonability to render aid to save said life. (2) First responders are to control suspects and witnesses keeping them both close but separate. Once these two objectives have been achieved, the first responders should focus their attention on protecting and preserving the crime scene. The first response to an incident shall be expeditious and methodical. Upon arrival, the officer(s) shall assess the scene and treat the incident as a crime scene. The first responders should note or log dispatch information such as names, address, time, type of call, and any other relevant information. Be aware of any persons or vehicles leaving the crime scene. The importance of preserving the scene and its adjacent areas in their original condition cannot be overemphasized. Approach the scene cautiously, scan the entire area to thoroughly assess the scene, and note any possible secondary crime scenes. Be aware of any persons and vehicles in the vicinity that may be related to the crime. Remain alert and attentive; assume the crime is ongoing until determined to be otherwise. Also treat the location as a crime scene until assessed and determined to be otherwise. It is usually the uniformed officer who first arrives at the scene of a crime. After controlling any dangerous situations or persons, the first responding officers’ next responsibility is to ensure that medical attention is provided to injured persons while minimizing contamination of the scene. The first responding officer shall ensure that medical attention is provided with minimal contamination of the scene by guiding medical personnel to the victim to minimize contamination or alteration of the crime scene. Point out potential physical evidence to medical personnel, instruct them to minimize contact with such evidence (e.g., ensure that medical personnel preserve all clothing and personal effects without cutting through bullet holes, knife tears), and document movement of persons or items by medical personnel. Instruct medical personnel not to clean up the scene and to avoid removal or alteration of items originating from the scene. Protecting the evidence typically involves the establishing a perimeter. Only the investigator in charge and those personnel that he gives permission to should be allowed to cross these boundaries this makes it for a more controlled scene. Detectives and supervisors are normally in charge of investigations. There should, however, only be one person in charge of the crime scene itself. The first question that the investigator will ask when they arrives should be something like â€Å"Has anyone been allowed to enter the scene?† The investigator should then use whatever resources are available (e.g., barricades or other uniformed officers) to further protect the area. Such measures exclude both curious bystanders and curious officials. Investigators often must turn away any number of officials–both in and out of uniform–who could unintentional ly destroy evidence. Once the area has been secured, the investigator then carries out the duties of search commander. Initially, the commander must obtain the following information: â€Å"The time of the arrival of the first officer at the scene, who was present, what was said, and whether or not everything is exactly as it was when the officer arrived† (Dienstein, 1952). Then, the addresses of all persons found on or adjacent to the scene should be collected. Although these people are questioned about their exact location at the time of the crime, they do not usually undergo interrogation on the spot. Rather, such persons are simply removed from the scene and separated: They should not be allowed to talk to each other until each has been carefully questioned and statements have been obtained individuals considered as suspect(s) should be read their Miranda Rights. Any violation of Fourth Amendment rights could jeopardize any evidence obtained during an interrogation or interview for use in the case at a trial. Crime scene investigation is a complex process. It involves a number of different professionals and various areas of expertise. Only by acting as a team, however, will the members of such a diverse group ensure that their efforts result in a reasonable outcome. The alteration of a crime scene can cause investigators to draw erroneous conclusions. By expeditiously carrying out his responsibilities, the first responders may determine the ultimate outcome of an entire investigation. citation Dienstein, William, TECHNIQUES FOR THE CRIME INVESTIGATOR, Springfield, ILL: Charles C. Thomas, 222 pages, 1952 Lyman, Michael D. Criminal Investigation, The Art And The Science. 6. Upper Saddle River , New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc, 2011. Print.

Two characters from The Crucible by Author Miller that should be pardoned Essays

Two characters from The Crucible by Author Miller that should be pardoned Essays Two characters from The Crucible by Author Miller that should be pardoned Essay Two characters from The Crucible by Author Miller that should be pardoned Essay Essay Topic: The Crucible Two characters from The Crucible by Author Miller that should be pardoned are John Proctor and Rebecca Nurse. These two characters from the play were punished for something that they were not responsible for, and have no evidence that they were truly guilty. Since in their time, people had no good knowledge of science of the way things happened, they had to blame something. What they believe was the cause of all of this is Witch craft. Believing that John and Rebecca were in all this madness. John Proctor was accused that he is a witch by Marry Warren; she explains that he is f the devils man and that he signs the devils book. Marry said to the Judge, Sir Danforth that she knows that John is a man of the devil. Dont touch me! Youre the devils ) Mary goes against John by telling the court that he is a witch and was forcing her to tell the court that the girls were lying. Since the incident the girls of the woods, they have the power to say what they want, making the people and the court believe that she is right and Proctor is wrong. Then she goes on saying that she is awakened by John at night and signs this book with his finger on her neck. You are combined with anit-crist? IVe seen your power you will not deny it. ( ) Sr. Danforth claims that John does some working with anit-crist (Satan). Proctor then explains that he hears the steps of Lucifer and sees his face and Danforths. By him telling this to Danforth, he is outraged, Proctor simply laughing at his remark. Proctor knowing that he is saying a lie and that all of it is a lie. According to the article Any man or woman [to] bee a witch, that is, hath or consulted with a familiar spirit, they shall bee put to eath. (Paragraph 3, lines 24-25) Unfortunaly, because of Marry to avoid her own death, she accuses John. She uses fraud to help her escape death. But unlucky John gets put the blame costing his life. Having no involvement with the devil, his life ends there. As stated in the article anyone who commits such a crime, death is the only answer. The last person who should be pardoned is Rebecca Nurse. She is also accused of being a witch, and that she is involved with witch craft. Its hard to think that so ious women be secretly a Devils bitch, after seventy year of such good ) Everyone in the village cant put it through their minds that such a prayer. ( good person like Rebecca is accused of doing and committing such horrid things. After so many years of prayers, and her being a very spiritual person. For someone like her how can she be accused? For the marvelous supernatural murder of Anne Putmans babies. ( ) Anne cant believe that god would allow for Rebeccas babies to survive, and hers not. So she claims that she had of must used some type of witch raft on her; which is the mysterious cause of death of Annes (her) children. Her own husband even questions her by saying that she reads books. During their time the only book they were allowed to read was the bible anything else including novels is of the devil. Reverend Hale believes its all a lie and he says hell do anything in his willing power to bring Rebecca home: before her execution. In each of the New 1, line 21) Annes Jealousy of Rebecca made her cause her life. While she couldnt accept the fact that she couldnt have one and Rebecca had multiple. Just like John she was the unlucky innocent person who took their life. Therefore, Rebecca and John were the unlucky scapegoat who were unfortunate and cost them their lives. John could have escaped his death if it wasnt for Marry to tell the truth to the court and not have escaped with her own death penalty. Due to Annes Jealousy Rebecca had a hard time trying to prove her innocence. It was hard to believe to the people that a good women like he is being accused for a crime like that. The most innocent man could have been the most hated man in Salem.

HealthLite essays

HealthLite essays People have been eating yogurt for at least 4000 years; however, the origin of yogurt is unknown. Today yogurt is part of the dairy food group as illustrated in the food guide pyramid. It is suggested that people have 2-3 servings of dairy products daily. One serving of yogurt represents one serving of the dairy food group. Today the governments Food and Drug Administration regulates the standards for labeling and identification of yogurts. According to the FDA website, the FDA has not modified the yogurt or cultured milk standards since they were finalized in 1996. Since 1996, food processing and food ingredient technology has changed dramatically. Manufacturers, among other things, have developed food processing technology that can extend the shelf life of products. Additionally, manufacturers have developed new food substances that can be safely added to food that grant health benefits beyond those associated with the nutritive value of the food product. The FDA website goes on to say that the FDAs food standards have not changed or evolved at a rate that allows for consumers to realize the economic and public health benefits of such technological change. Yogurt is a healthy food that is an excellent source of calcium. Yogurts contain a significant quantity of live and active cultures. When you walk into the supermarket there is a whole section with a large number of different brands and types available. The yogurt industry also offers low fat and non fat yogurt. Even though there are so many different types of yogurt they are all made of basically the same ingredients which are milk and starter cultures. There is more to the yogurt industry than dairy farms and packaging the product. Depending on how the product is created it may only have a shelf life of a few days. The key is to get shelf space at the supermarket or other retailer and make sure that there is a steady supply of fres...

Packaging Power Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Packaging Power Proposal - Assignment Example The new proposed packaging will be made up of plastic. The plastic will have a similar shape to the traditional packaging used, but the packaging will have the capability of individually packaging each egg. The packaging can be separated into 12 individual mini boxes that protect each egg. There are many advantages to the new packaging design. The customers who buy the dozen will be able to separate the eggs which will save the customers freezer space. The stores who sell eggs including supermarkets will have the ability to sell eggs by the single unit instead of forcing the customers to buy 12 eggs. For a single person 12 eggs are sometimes too much since the person will not be eating eggs every day. Another advantage of the new packaging is that companies can put designs in the plastic material to make the product more attractive. Appendix A: Packaging of eggs (Babylon, 2011). References Babylon.com (2011). Dozen egg carton. Retrieved June 10, 2011 from http://search.babylon.com/?q =dozen+eggs+carton&babsrc=HP_ss&s=img&as=0

Reflective review 'Making informed decision' Essay

Reflective review 'Making informed decision' - Essay Example Research and practical assistance are provided in this reformation center to strategize its intervention for those needing its assistance and support. To realize its programs, quality staffs are hired to provide quality services for children under its care and custody. Child protection and welfare topped as its priority agenda, especially those serving their sentences as child offenders based on the national policy and the enforcement of international rights of the child. The justice center is likewise in observance to the juvenile justice system which limits the standard age of child’s criminal liability at ten years old but the state qualified that those children between 10 to 14 years old, there is a refutable presumption that they are incapable of forming criminal intent to make them instantly guilty of committing a crime (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012, p. 1) This is handled and managed by separate laws, process and court jurisdiction for children. Child ren are therefore brought under the custody of the Justice Center in relation to the result of the judgement rendered following their prosecution out of the offense committed or they are subject for alternative proceedings based on the nature of the allegations and the capacity of the child to respond to the case (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012, p. 1). Aside from this, the justice courts also afford child protection, like in cases when they suffer from abuses or if the child is the lone witness to criminal cases. This is a mandatory function of the center to ensure the child’s welfare and to veer them from significant harm (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012, p. 1). This includes children who are suffering from severe problems on trafficking, slavery, sexual servitude, deceptive recruiting and exploitation (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012, p. 1). As of these days, the institution is challenged with the increasing number of juve niles under its custody and the limited number of quality staff that can provide responses to their needs. Thus, the management proposed to purchase monitoring technology and to mount these in the bedrooms of the children. So how does informed decision-making be done in this case? As of 2012, the statistics of juveniles in Australia sentenced by court has reached the figures of 2,537 in New South Wales, 737 from Victoria, 815 in Queensland, 532 from South Australia, 108 in Tasmania and 154 in Australian Capital Territory (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012, p. 1) . There are no records from Western Australia and in Northern Territory. Data further bared that the detention rate per 1,000 children aging 10-17 years old are 3.2 in New South Wales, 0.8 in Victoria, 1.7 in Queensland, 3.0 in South Australia, 1.8 in Tasmania and 4.3 in Australian Capital Territory (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012, p. 1). In an average rate, Australia has 2.5% youth rate dete ntion. The rate of indigenous children under detention is also different. In New South Wales, there are 29.5 rate per 1,000 children are detained as of 2012, 11.6 in Victoria, 14.4 in Queensland, 33.7 in South Australia, 5.6 in Tasmania and 57.0 from Australian Capital Territory (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2012, p. 1). Considering these figures, staffs of the Judicial Center will certainly find exhausting difficulties in

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

Management - Essay Example The availability of Nike to other marketers would mean that customers can just buy them there. This presents a major problem as a myriad of literature indicate that sports shoe customer preferences is highly skewed towards those products which are visually appealing and having performance-enhancing features (Locke 2003, 52). That is to say, customers are not likely to choose an alternative over Nike just because of supplier issues but would instead seek out the product in other stores especially when the features of the shoes are very appealing (Lim and Philips 2007, 146). This would result to shifting customer loyalty resulting to losses in sales consequently harming business operations and employee compensation (Jordaan 2011, 622; Tengblad and Ohlsson 2007, 657). On the other hand, several high-profile companies such as Starbucks and Apple have also found to their dismay and cost that reputations can be profoundly affected by the environmental and social impacts of their supply networks (Gereffi et al 2005, 101). The negative effect becomes more profound considering the power of social networking to influence customer perception (Carroll and Shabana 2010, 88). Hence, discontinuing sale of Nike products would prevent any negative PR and the accompanying losses especially considering that the company has just adopted the Fair Trade principle. This chosen path can also benefit society in general as it promotes a culture of responsible business practices thru caring for how products are being sourced (Schwartz et al 2007, 506; Wells 2009, 570). However, given the possibility of customers to just seek Nike products on other stores and the strength of the brand, it would be prudent to not totally abandon the brand. Combining business with ethical practices requires a reconciliation between profitability and ethical principles the company

Connecting Woolf’s Feminist Principles Essay Example for Free

Connecting Woolf’s Feminist Principles Essay To some Virginia Woolf is a pioneer of feminism, to others she is a mere novelist whose works reflect the position of women within a society whose main discourse was aimed at female suffrage. What is certain is that today Woolf is known more for her literary works than for her essays on the inequalities between the sexes. Woolf, herself, helped found the division between her fiction and non-fiction writings by consistently belittling her political essays as a means to money while she referred to her novels as her true life’s work. Yet, in recent years, her two most well known non-fiction works, A Room of One’s Own (1929) and Three Guineas (1938) have been revived by intellectuals and labeled as inherently feminist works. This in turn has lead authors such as Rachel Bowlby to claim that the past review of Woolf’s work, in which there is a clear demarcation between the fantasy world of her novels and the very real world of her essays, is in fact misleading. Bowlby attempts to bring Woolf’s two worlds more closely together and in doing so supports the claim that the thread of early feminism is woven not only through Woolf’s essays but is in actuality deeply ingrained in her literary work. The aim of this essay is to take Bowlby’s analysis and apply it to two of Woolf’s works, one fiction and the other non-fiction, to determine if they are in fact more parallel than once was thought. By using Bowlby’s theory to discuss the common traits between the novel Mrs. Dalloway (1925) and the essay A Room of One’s Own (1929) many undeniableconnections will be made, validating that within both texts the determination for artistic creation and female independence that Woolf so idealized can be found. Bowlby’s Feminist Lens Rachel Bowlby in her essay A More than Maternal Tie: Woolf as a Woman Essayist (1997) attempts to characterize Woolf as an early feminist writer. By linking Woolf’s essays with her literary works she refutes the opinions of those intellectuals who see Woolf’s novels as quintessentially non-feminist. For Bowlby Woolf questions the patriarchical structure of society at the time in all of her forms of writing. Although the author does concede that there is a line to be drawn between the two. In her essay Bowlby makes clear first and foremost that Woolf marked her differing attitudes between her two works in multiple outlets, some of which were personal letters and correspondence. In fact, Bowlby claims that upon a first glance Virginia Wolf the essayist and Virginia Woolf the famous novelist appear to have little in common. She states that, â€Å"One is a key figure in the history of modernism, the other was principally a journalist, working to commissions for weeklies and other periodicals. One wrote for art, the other (much of the time) for money. One is Virginia Woolf, the other often published anonymously, in her many reviews for The Times Literary Supplement† (220). Woolf on numerous occasions referred to her essays as less important than her novels, which she often referred to as her life’s work (Bowlby, 1997, 220). Most importantly Woolf asserted on various opportunities that political arguments were well founded in journalistic writing but out of place in literature (Bowlby, 221). Despite this evidence Bowlby notes that Woolf’s writing style in both her essays and her novels shared various traits including the structure, constant deviations from the topic and the passionate undertone of the writing itself (222). Although she is quick to note that we should not â€Å"rush to the other extreme, and claim for the essays artistic value equal or superior to that of the novels† (Bowlby, 224) Apart from stylistic considerations Bowlby also notes other common traits most specifically Woolf’s fascination with literary ties. Central to Woolf’s novels are the ties that bind her characters together, whether they be social or family ties. Within her essays you can find similar ties. The most obvious of those presented in Woolf’s essays are the ties between writer and patron. Woolf uses the analogy of the relationship between mother and child to best describe the importance that a patron has for their writer (Bowlby, 224). Woolf also likened the relationship to that of twins claiming that it was a type of relationship that meant, â€Å"one dying if the other dies, one flourishing if the other flourishes† (qtd Bowlby, 224). Bowlby concludes that, Woolf, â€Å"among others, was interested in what kinds of connections might tie things and people together in new ways. Her essays, like her novels, try some out† (241). Woolf also made a strong paternal connection between her essay writing and the relationship with her father, Leslie Stephen. After her father’s death in 1904 Woolf, to a large extent carried on with his essay writing, publishing within a short time an article in a religious newspaper, The Guardian. Bowlby claims that Woolf saw the essay along paternal lines (228). She claims that, â€Å"If novels, as opposed to non-fiction, seem to be the area where Woolf more freely departed from paternal standards of writing, this is related also to the fact that the essay was her fathers genre: a man of letters par excellence, Leslie Stephen did not write creative literature† (233). This may have been a reason for which Woolf so clearly demarcated between the two. In fact we could claim that Woolf wrote her essays with patriarchy and masculinity taking the forefront, while in her novels they were merely the omnipresent backdrop to the feminine world she wrote within. Mrs. Dalloway Needed a Room of Her Own: Testing Bowlby While Bowlby provides ample examples of Woolf’s writing to back up her thesis the further investigation of two of Woolf’s most renowned texts, Mrs. Dalloway (1924) and A Room of One’s Own (1929) will serve to highlight some of the feminist traits shared in her essays and her literary works. A Room of One’s Own highlights the position of women writers and intellectuals within a system where men held the purse strings of education. The essay is based on Woolf’s lectures at the women’s college of Cambridge University in 1928 and woman artists and their financial struggle are at the core of the essay. Woolf questions whether it is possible for a woman to produce a quality of art as high as Shakespear’s. She contends that the limited financial means of women artists are to blame for women’s poor artistic record throughout history. In fact Woolf placed such importance on financial independence and women having a room of their own that she wrote, â€Å"of the two-the vote and the money-the money, I own, seemed infinitely more important† (Woolf, 1929, 37). At the heart of the essay is the belief that the artistic tendencies in women are as strong as they are in men. Given the right atmosphere they can only flourish. We can see this untapped potential in Mrs. Dalloway whose love of life and art are constantly referred to in the novel. The very nature of Clarissa’s social gatherings present the deviation of her artistic nature into acceptable pursuits. Littleton (1995) claims that Clarissa’s artistry are key to understanding her character. He states that, â€Å"Woolf is concerned, before anything else, with the absolutely private mental world of a woman who, according to the patriarchal ideology of the day as well as her own figure in the world, was not imagined to have any artistic feeling at all†(37). Clarissa’s very enjoyment of the world around her shows her artistic sensibility. At the opening of the novel Clarissa goes to buy flowers and her intense enjoyment of the busy world around her shows a sensibility to life in all its forms (Woolf, 1924, 4). Her irritation for Miss Kilman is instantly forgotten as she enters the flower shop and appreciates the beauty, scents and colors around her (13). It was enough to, â€Å"surmount that hatred, that monster, surmount it all; and it lifted her up and up† (13). It would be useful to use a quote from A Room of One’s Own to describe what is happening to Clarissa: â€Å"Who can measure the heat and passion of a poets heart when it is caught and tangled in a womans body? † (83). Indeed, to Woolf, Clarissa is an artist in her own manner and her natural artistic intuition can not be smothered by societies expectations. Nourishment of the female artist, or the lack there of, is clearly present in Woolf’s literary and non-literary works. While Clarissa’s proper artistic ambitions are well nourished in her organization of social gatherings where delicious food is in abundance it is interesting to note that the physical nourishment given to female intellectuals at female colleges is commented upon in Woolf’s essay. Upon describing the poor fare at female colleges Woolf asks, â€Å"Why did men drink wine and women water? Why was one sex so prosperous and the other so poor? † (25). The possibility and the danger of a reversal of the sexes is evident in the relationship between Clarissa and Septimus Smith. While Clarissa does the unacceptable and does not show her grief as is expected in a woman, Septimus takes on distinctly feminine traits of the time and lets his grief overwhelm him, eventually committing suicide, whereby the doctor chastises him for being a â€Å"coward† (105). Woolf clearly shows the possibilities of a female taking on a masculine trait, thereby showing the possibility of a reversal of roles. As Septimus hallucinates on his dead friend he is reduced to tears and great emotion in his mourning. He raises his hand, â€Å"like some colossal figure who has lamented the fate of man for ages in the desert alone . . . and with legions of men prostrate behind him he, the giant mourner, receives for one moment on his face the whole† (105). These types of emotions were more suited to female mourning supporting Woolf’s view that the roles of men and women within society could be crossed over.

The Science Behind The Bell Curve :: Bell Curve Essays

The Science Behind The Bell Curve      Ã‚  Ã‚   The science behind The Bell Curve has been denounced by both the American Psychological Association and the Human Genome Project. Its authors were unqualified to speak on either genetics or intelligence, since their expertise lay in other fields. Their project did not rise through the usual system of academic publishing, and in fact the authors ducked the process of peer review. The Bell Curve was ultimately funded by the wealthy, far-right Bradley Foundation, which used its media connections to launch a massive national publicity campaign. And The Bell Curve relies heavily on studies that were financed by the Pioneer Fund, a neo-Nazi organization that promotes eugenicist research.    "The scientific basis of The Bell Curve is fraudulent." (1)    With those words, the American Psychological Association denounced The Bell Curve, the controversial book that claims that blacks generally have IQs 15 points lower than whites. The authors assert that because IQ is mostly genetic and unchangeable, programs promoting equality (affirmative action, welfare, Head Start, etc.) are a waste of money. For those unfamiliar with the American Psychological Association, it is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States, and includes over 142,000 members.    The story of how a scientifically unsound book like The Bell Curve bypassed the usual checks and balances of the scientific community reveals a great deal about how wealthy conservative businessmen are trying to create their own alternate academia.    To begin with, the authors of The Bell Curve were largely unqualified to write a book about genetics and IQ. Charles Murray is a political scientist, whose specialty lies in welfare and affirmative action issues. Richard Herrnstein (who died shortly before publication) was indeed a psychologist, but he spent his career studying pigeons and rats, not genetics and IQ. In fact, Herrnstein never published anything in peer-reviewed journals about genetics and IQ during his entire 36-year career. (He did publish a few articles in popular magazines.) The most that can be said for either of them is that they were familiar with the scientific method and were experts in fields that were distantly related to the topic.    The writing of the book was shrouded in secrecy, but it was launched directly to the American public in a magnificently funded and organized media campaign, one that included cover stories in Newsweek, The New Republic and The New York Times Book Review.

Basic Manufacturing Cost Categories Essay

The term direct labor is reserved for those labor costs that can be essentially traced to individual units of products. Direct labor is sometime called touch labor, since direct labor workers typically touch the product while it is being made. Manufacturing Overhead Cost: Manufacturing overhead, the third element of manufacturing cost, includes all costs of manufacturing except direct material and direct labor. Enumerate and define the different classifications of costs On the basis of Nature or Elements: One of the important classification cost is on the basis of nature or elements. Based on elements, it is classified into Material Cost, Labour Cost and Other Expenses. They can be further subdivided into Direct and Indirect Material Cost, Direct and Indirect Labour Cost and Direct and Indirect Other Expenses. 2) On the basis of Function: The classification of costs on the basis of the various functions of a concern is known as function-wise classification. Here, there are four important functional divisions in the business organization. Viz. (a) Production Cost (b) Administration Cost (c) Selling Cost and (d) Distribution Cost. 3) On the basis of Variability: On the basis of variability with the volume of production cost is classified into Fixed Cost, Variable Cost and Semi Variable Cost. Fixed Costs are those costs which remain constant with the volume of production. Rent and rates of office and factory building are some example of fixed cost. Variable costs are those costs incurred directly with the volume of output. For example, cost of materials and wages to workers are the expenses chargeable with direct proportion to the volume of production. Semi-Variable Costs are those costs incurred partly fixed and partly variable, with the volume of production. Accordingly, it has both fixed and variable features. For example, depreciations and maintenance cost of plant and machinery. 4) On the basis of Normality: Costs are classified into normal costs and abnormal costs on the basis of normality features. Normal costs are those incurred normally within the target output or fixed plan. 5) On the basis of Controllability and Decision Making: Based on the managerial decision making and controllability the classifications are as follows: (a) Controllable Cost, (b) Uncontrollable Cost, (c) Sunk Cost, (d) Opportunity Cost, (e) Replacement Cost, (f) Conversion Cost. a) Controllable Costs: Controllable Costs are the costs which can be influenced by the action of a specified number of an undertaking. Controllable Costs incurred in a particular responsibility centre which is influenced by the action of the executive heading. For example, direct materials and indirect materials. b) Uncontrollable Costs: Uncontrollable Costs are those costs which cannot be influenced by the action of a specified number of an undertaking. In fact, no cost is controllable; it is only in relation to a particular individual that may specify a particular cost to either controllable or non-controllable. For example, rent and rates. c) Sunk cost: These are historical costs which were incurred in the past and are not relevant to the particular decision making problem being considered. While considering the replacement of a plant, the depreciated book-value of the old asset is irrelevant as the amount is a sunk cost which is to be written-off at the time of replacement. Unlike incremental or decremental costs, sunk costs are not affected by increase or decrease of volume. Examples of sunk cost include dedicated fixed assets, development cost already incurred. d) Opportunity Cost: Opportunity cost means the cost of forgoing or giving up an opportunity. It is the notional value of going without the next best use of time, effort and money. These indicate the income or potential benefits sacrificed because a certain course of action has been taken. An example of opportunity costs is the market value forgone or sacrificed when an old machine is being used. e) Replacement Cost: Such expenses may be incurred due to factors like change in method of production, an addition or alteration in the factory building, change in flow of production etc. All such expenses are treated as production overheads; when amount of such expenses is large, it may be spread over a period of time. f) Conversion Cost: Conversion costs are those costs which are incurred while converting materials into semi-finished or finished goods. It is the aggregate of direct wages, direct expenses and overhead costs of converting raw materials into finished products. Differentiate variable and fixed cost Fixed costs are costs which remain constant within a certain level of output or sales. This certain limit where fixed costs remain constant regardless of the level of activity is called relevant range. Variable costs are costs which change with a change in the level of activity. Examples include direct materials, direct labor, etc.

Marketing and Soft Drink Concentrate Essay

The brand Rasna is owned by Pioma Industries that introduced the concept of Soft Drink Concentrate (SDC), a segment that had been created and nurtured by the company in the Indian beverages Market. The brand was originally launched by the name of ‘Jaffe’ in 1976 and marketed with the help of Voltas, but was renamed to ‘Rasna’ in 1979. When the product did not do as well as it was expected, in 1983, the advertising was handed over to an advertising agency named Mudra Communications Ltd. Pioma Industries Limited is perhaps not a familiar name for the average Indian consumer. But Pioma’s brand Rasna is very well known. In fact, the name Rasna is almost a generic name for soft drink concentrates in Indian beverages market. Rasna’s extremely popular advertisements with the tagline â€Å"I love you Rasna† had become an integral part of the Indian advertising folklore. In March, 2002, Pioma announced a radical overhauling of its strategies for the Rasna Brand. This development was rather unexpected, as the brand had been lying dormant since long. Rasna is the market leader in the 250 Crore Indian soft drink concentrate industry. The SDC industry is miniscule compared to the 5000 crore carbonated soft drink industry (CSD). The powdered soft drink concentrate industry is worth around 90 crore. During the ‘80s, Soft Drink Concentrate (SDC) was not a known concept. For the consumers, Soft Drinks were just the aerated drinks which could be purchased in bottles and were usually consumed outdoors. Rasna came, and changed the whole mind set. COMPETITORS IN THE MARKET As the pioneers in Concentrated Soft Drink Industry in India, Rasna, never had to face any threatening from any of its competitors, be it a global player or a small local company. Powder concentrate occupy 85% of the total soft drinks concentrate market. Here, in this study, we are considering both Powder and Syrup CSD as competition for the Brand Rasna. Following are some of the competitors who tried to make their mark in the 250 Crore Indian soft drink concentrate industry: 1. Tang- Kraft Foods. 2. Sunfill- Coca Cola. 3. Fanta Fun Times- Coca Cola. 4. Sugarfree D’lite- Zydus Cadila. 5. Kissan Mr Fruit- Hindustan Unilever. The journey of a brand is not always easy. The market is very dynamic and a brand needs to keep a track of the changes in the market. Rasna had to face such challenges too. But it is the resurrection this brand has shown, through strategic marketing, in all instances that makes it stand out and lead the market. MARKET SHARE Rasna has always been recognised at large for Brand and Company. It ranks No. 1 in the beverages category as â€Å"Most Trusted Brand of India†. It is listed among the top 15 brands in the country. It was awarded as the most preferred brand in the SDC category at the FMCG Most Preferred Awards 2003 and 2004 and Consumer World Award 2004. It has pioneered not only with its strong marketing strategies but also with its proper scaled distribution chain. Rasna has always concentrated on its marketing and brand building and has achieved an expertise in flavour technology. Its efficient management in production and market environments has harnessed to bring to the global consumers, technologically superior products in fruits, vegetables, beverages and confectioneries and to stand as the leader in processed food industry. Rasna has adequate and in-depth knowledge and information on Market sizes and behaviours, Growth prospects, Project Viabilities, Government Policies, Finances etc.and access to more, enabling the company to respond fast to any proposal with suitable recommendation. It believes that there is a huge and emerging market for Rasna’s kind of product range, all over the world. Rasna is capable of managing global sized manufacturing set-ups working on the most advanced technologies to cater to the huge markets, locally and globally. Rasna has managed to dominate the colossal SDC market because of its massive International operations. One of Rasna’s biggest strength is its marketing and sales set-up, through which millions of customers worldwide is experiencing the flavour of satisfaction. It provides a strong and pro-active marketing support to its distributors and importers around the world- just so that their products stand out and apart on the shelves. Timely delivery schedules of its products anywhere in the world are what have helped them to reach a strong position in the global market. Rasna has its offices in the following countries: * USA and Canada * UK and Europe * Saudi Arabia * Russia * Fiji This strong chain of distribution to large number of countries within a stipulated period of time has helped the brand gain a reputation in the market. It has also helped Rasna in creating enormous business relations all over the globe. The countries which imports Rasna products globally are as under: In recent years, the brand has had to face off challenges, though not from its direct competitors. International soft drink giants like Coca-Cola (Sunfill) and Kraft Foods (Tang) have introduced competitor products in the market. PepsiCo India too is gearing to launch a glucose-based ready-to-drink beverage under the Lehar brand that will be sold at price point of Rs. 5 for a 200 ml stock-keeping unit. All of them have deep marketing pockets and standard products to lure customers away from Rasna. Even the profile of Rasna’s target audience is changing. Kids today are a lot more aware, and their parents don’t mind buying more expensive ready-to-drink products, which the MNCs have. But, true to its entrepreneurial spirit, Rasna is not about to give any ground to its rivals. Though some analysts feel that Rasna has been slow to react to the competition, Piruz Khambatta, Chairman, Rasna, still dismisses the challenge saying â€Å"water is our only competition. † According to the 2010 data, Rasna leads the SDC market. The market shares of Rasna and all the competitors are as follows: * Rasna- 97. 2 % * Coca-Cola’s Sunfill – 2% * Sugarfree D’lite- 0. 2% * Kissan Mr Fruit- 0. 1% and * Tang- 0. 5%. COMPARTIVE STUDY ON 4 Ps SCALE The Marketing Mix: Here in this study of the Brand Rasna, we are comparing the brand with its competitors available in the market on the scale of the 4 Ps. The 4 Ps of the marketing mix are: 1. Product. 2. Price. 3. Promotion. 4. Place. Product Line of Rasna: Rasna began with 9 flavours in 1982, and added the 10th in the year 1987. The company was revamped in the year 2002. * In 2002, Rasna changed its look and came up with a new logo. * The tagline of the company was also changed and with a new tagline â€Å"Relish a Gain†, Rasna has tried a deep penetration in the rural and semi-urban market. The recent product line of Rasna is as follows: Name| Pack Size| Flavour| Price ()| Rasna Frootfun| 32 glasses| Orange, Mango, Lemon, Pinaple| 35| Rasna Frootfun| 12 glasses| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 10| Rasna Freshfun| 32 glasses| Shahi Gulab, Keshar Elaichi, Kool Khus, Cola Cola| 35| Rasna Freshfun| 12 glasses| Shahi Gulab, Cola Cola| 10| Rasna 1 ka 2| 2 glasses| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 1|. Rasna FrootPlus Jar| 500 grams| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 85| Rasna FrootPlus Pouch| 750 grams| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 105| Rasna FrootPlus Pouch| 500 grams| Orange, Mango, Lemon| 75| Packing Details: The operating product line of Rasna consists several sku. The company follows different pack size on carton basis. These pack sizes may vary depending on local market demand. The following table will give a general idea of the pack sizes. Sr. No. | Product| Units per Carton| 1| Rasna Instant Drink (powder beverages)| | | Laminate Pouch Packings| | A| 3 gm pouch pack| 50*60|. B| Single Serve pouch pack (12 gm pouch-orange)| 10*12*6| C| 25 gm single serve sachet| 12*2*12| D| 250 gn refill packs| 36| E| 500 gm refill packs| 24| F| 750 gm standby refill packs| 15| G| 1 kg standby refill pack| 15| H| Litro packs 1 ltr| 12*10| | Glass Jar Packings| | A| 250 gm glass jar| 40| B| 500 gm glass jar| 20| C| 750 gm sleek glass jar| 15| | Plastic jar packing 1 kg| 15| | OTS tin Packing| | | 900 gm tin| 15| | 1. 5 kg tin| 6| | 2. 5 kg tin| 6| 2| Litro Pack Instant Drink| | | Pouch suitable to make 1 litre| 12*10| 3| Gofrut Instant Drink (5gm pouch)| 72*10| 4| Shakeup Instant Drink| |. | 25 gm single serve pack | 24*30| | 150 gm standby pouch| 108| 5| Rasna Lite 250 gm jar | 15| 6| Rasna Soft Drink Concentrate| | | 32 glass pack| 200| 7| Rasna Single Serve Iced Tea 9 gm | 14*24*20| Whereas Rasna has so many different varieties of drinks (flavours) and in so many different sized packets its competitors are lacking behind in both flavours and availability of different quantity packs. The Price of Rasna: Accessing all socio-economic class: Rasna’s sole goal has been always to make profit with the volume sale. The pricing strategy has always been the key of Rasna’s success. It targeted the mass rather than the class. * Rasna has always made its products in such a way that it can be accessible to all socio-economic classes. * Its volume sale starts at as low as 1 popular in the name of 1 ka 2. * The added sugar product Rasna Frootplus starts from 2 and goes up to 105 for the family pack. * The box pack has a starting price of 10 which can make 12 glasses of drink and is known popularly as 10 ka 12. * The family box pack is available at 35 which is enough for 32 glasses of water. * Rasna has some skus which are very interesting for regular use. The air tight jar has different pack size with price range starting from Rs. 75. The company is constantly focussing on the rural market of India. So, accurate pricing is very important for the company’s growth. For Rasna, accurate pricing has been the key growth driver. They understood that the Indian market is highly segmented. And making products targeting each segment has helped a lot. Whereas pricing has been the key growth factor for Rasna, the competitors have not been able to enjoy that benefit of pricing. Only Tang is available at a sachet of 2 which is again meant for making 1 glass of drink. Likewise, the other competitors cannot even come close to the pricing strategy of Rasna. Promotion: Adding an Emotional Touch: Rasna has from its inception relied heavily on advertisement. The famous mass media campaign, â€Å"I love you Rasna† was one of India’s longest running TV ad. * The promotion of Rasna always highlighted a strong connection with its customers through brand association. * Rasna has always created a brand value by emotionally attaching the customer to their brand. * Focus of the promotion is always to promote the quality of Rasna. * Rasna spends a lot on Research on the target audience, and promotes there products accordingly. * Rasna has used child characters in their advertising campaigns, and through them the company emphasised on the quality of products which was an effective way of promotion. * Rasna has done a great deal to understand the pain of summer and to deliver a product which will ease the pain. This kind of unique and innovative marketing ideas and campaigns made Rasna the monopoly in the Soft Drink Concentrate industry till the time the competitors entered the market. Even now, no brand has been able to beat the promotional campaigns of Rasna. Going by the set standards of Rasna, we can say that the competitors have spent very less time and money understanding the Indian market and the promotional activities that works in the India. Place: Distribution Channel of Rasna: The distribution channel of Rasna follows 3 to 5 tier architecture. It follows the Super-Sub concept of distribution. The steps are as follows: 1. First the product produced in a factory which is strategically located to minimise the transportation cost. 2. The packed product is sent to various company depots across the country to distribute and meet the respective market demand. 3. From the company depot, the product is delivered to the different super stockists according to their previously placed order. 4. Then the goods are sent to the sub stockists or in some cases to the wholesale store. 5. The secondary sale from the super stockist or the sub stockist is ensured by the constant monitoring by the company personal. Rasna follows different distribution channel model according to local market demand. But for every model the end goal of the company is to deliver a quality product to the end user. With a distribution channel consisting of 35 depots across the country and 1. 8 million retail outlets Rasna is bound to be the leader. Among the competitors the only one that has a good and competitive network of distribution is Sunfill by Coca Cola, but still they are not able to compete as availability with retailers is not as widespread as Rasna. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The competitive advantages of Rasna are listed below: * Being the Pioneer in the market Rasna is well known and very much trusted in the Indian market. * Being in the market for a long time, Rasna knows the Indian taste the best. * Having 7 state of the art production units across the country, the production is never disturbed for any reason. * Because of the widespread distribution network, it is more close to the public. * The marketing strategies used by the company are of superior standard. * Last but not the least, the pricing of the product, which is so low that it is affordable by the lowest segment of the pyramid also. The competitive advantages of Tang are: * Being one of the largest brands of the world, Tang has the sustainability even if it is hit at the beginning. * Tang is available in variety of flavours based on local consumer’s preference. * Tang is fortified with vitamins and minerals. * It is available as powdered and ready to drink bottles. * The powdered Tang is available at low cost. The Competitive advantages of Sunfill are: * Being a brand owned by Coca Cola, the distribution cost is cheaper, so can offer the product at a low and competitive price. * The taste is superior compared to other competitive brands. * Setting up of a production unit close to the target customer segment will help in better marketing. * The company can spend substantial amount on advertising and promotion. The Competitive advantages of Sugarfree D’lite are: * It is a brand owned by a medical company, so people have trust in the product. * It contains no sugar, so it is healthier. * Has medicinal advantages. * Helps in controlling blood sugar level, at the same time gives the pleasures of a soft drink. The Competitive advantages of Kissan Mr.fruit are: * It is there in the market for a long time, so knows the customer taste and preferences. * Tastier than many of the competitor products. * Supply chain is quite strong as it’s a product owned by Hindustan Unilever. SUGGESTIONS FOR GAINING UPPER MARKET SHARE As we conclude the study on the No. 1 Soft Drink Concentrate in India, Rasna, I have the following suggestions to make so that the company can gain more market share and continue to be the leader of the industry: Product- In terms of product, the following can be done: 1. Try to minimise waste in production, so that the cost of production comes down further. 2. Venture into new products, like ready to drink bottled drinks. 3. Try producing sugar free products so that even a diabetic patient can enjoy the drinks. 4. Health drinks and energy drinks is another field where the company can venture into. 5. Backward integration is another option that can be suggested to minimise the cost of production. Price- the Company can be more price effective and in turn can gain more market share if, 1. More products are offered in the lower price category. 2. Price be reduced for the larger quantity cartons or bottles. 3. New and introductory products are sold for lesser price so that people are interested in trying the new things. Promotion- In terms of promotion, the company can follow the following suggestions: 1. Use newer and cheaper modes of advertisement, like the social networking sites. 2. Spend more on Banners, posters, Hoardings. 3. Stop the use of sportspersons and celebrities, as the same doesn’t have a long standing effect on the general public. 4. Remove the time lag between the promotion and the availability of new products in the market. Place- Place plays a vital role in the success of a company or a brand. The following are my recommendations for improving the market share: 1. Go to the newer potential places which have not been tapped earlier. 2. The untimely dispatch of goods from the depot to the super stockist needs to be taken care of as it may lead to cancellation of order bookings. 3. Unavailability of goods at certain periods needs to be taken care of with a proper distribution control. 4. Promotional events along with the distribution of brochures, stickers and leaflets should be done through sub-stockists and retailers which will help in increasing the brand value. References: During the preparation of this project, help and references has been taken from many web sites and blogs and articles. They are mentioned here: -Rasna Pvt Ltd. Official site. -Wikipedia-the free encyclopaedia -Puneet Tandon Blogs -Economic Times -Times of India Articles -4psbusinessand marketing. com.